RHIZOME DIGEST: 12.30.05

<br />RHIZOME DIGEST: December 30, 2005<br /><br />Content:<br /><br />+opportunity+<br />1. Juliet Davis: Call For Participation - UFVA Conference New Media<br />Exhibition<br />2. Marisa Olson: Pratt seeks Chair-Computer Graphics &amp; Interactive Media<br />3. jlboyer@mail.unomaha.edu: Echotrope call for single channel media<br /><br />+announcement+<br />4. Marjan van Mourik: 33 Questions per Minute by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer<br />5. Mica Scalin: My Year in Art<br /><br />+Commissioned by Rhizome.org+<br />6. Lauren O?Neill-Butler: Once, Twice, Three Times a Lady: The Work of<br />Lynn Hershman<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />Rhizome is now offering Organizational Subscriptions, group memberships<br />that can be purchased at the institutional level. These subscriptions<br />allow participants at institutions to access Rhizome's services without<br />having to purchase individual memberships. For a discounted rate, students<br />or faculty at universities or visitors to art centers can have access to<br />Rhizome?s archives of art and text as well as guides and educational tools<br />to make navigation of this content easy. Rhizome is also offering<br />subsidized Organizational Subscriptions to qualifying institutions in poor<br />or excluded communities. Please visit <a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/info/org.php">http://rhizome.org/info/org.php</a> for<br />more information or contact Lauren Cornell at LaurenCornell@Rhizome.org<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />1.<br /><br />From: Juliet Davis &lt;info@julietdavis.com&gt;<br />Date: Dec 24, 2005 1:30 PM<br />Subject: Call For Participation - UFVA Conference New Media Exhibition<br /><br />UNIVERSITY FILM &amp; VIDEO ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE<br />August 1-5, 2006<br />Chapman University<br />Orange, California<br />www.ufva.org<br /><br />CALL FOR NEW MEDIA EXHIBITION SUBMISSIONS<br /><br />SUBMISSIONS DUE: February 15, 2006<br /><br />1) Application Form<br />.pdf: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ufva.org/NewMediaForm2006.pdf">http://www.ufva.org/NewMediaForm2006.pdf</a><br />.doc: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ufva.org/NewMediaForm2006.doc">http://www.ufva.org/NewMediaForm2006.doc</a><br /><br />2) Any additional project documentation needed for consideration (for<br />example, CD-ROM, DVD, JPEGS?no slides, please).<br /><br />3) Participation in the program requires active membership in the UFVA and<br />pre-registration for the conference.<br /><br />NOTIFICATION OF ACCEPTANCE: Early May<br /><br />SEND SUBMISSIONS TO:<br /><br />Juliet Davis<br />Dept. of Communication<br />University of Tampa<br />401 West Kennedy Blvd. Box 106-F<br />Tampa, FL 33606<br />phone: 727.418.8511<br />fax: 813-253-6246<br />julietdavis@tampabay.rr.com<br /><br />QUESTIONS? Contact Juliet Davis at Juliet.davis@ut.edu or<br />info@julietdavis.com.<br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />2.<br /><br />From: Marisa Olson &lt;marisa@rhizome.org&gt;<br />Date: Dec 28, 2005 6:21 PM<br />Subject: Pratt seeks Chair-Computer Graphics &amp; Interactive Media<br />Chairperson - Computer Graphics &amp; Interactive Media<br />Pratt Institute<br />(Brooklyn NY)<br />Date Posted: 12/22/2005<br />Closing Date: 02/03/2006<br />Title: Chairperson - Computer Graphics &amp; Interactive Media<br />Department: Computer Graphics and Interactive Media<br />School: Art and Design<br /><br />Position Summary:<br />Reporting to the Dean of the School of Art and Design, the Chairperson<br />will assume academic and administrative leadership of the department,<br />which offers both M.F.A. and B.F.A. degrees with specializations in<br />Digital Animation &amp; Motion Arts, Interactive Media &amp; Game Arts, Digital<br />Imaging and Emerging Arts. The selected candidate will offer conceptual<br />vision regarding the mission, character and nature of the program and<br />promote a rich and stimulating environment for teaching, design, research<br />and professional practice. This administrative appointment carries a<br />twelve month per year workload and a three year contract which may be<br />renewed.<br /><br />Job Responsibilities:<br /><br />Supervise and develop the department's curriculum and educational programs.<br />Recruit, supervise and develop faculty and staff.<br />Teach at least one course per semester.<br />Recruit and advise students.<br />Develop and maintain assessment instruments.<br />Maintain accreditaion of the program with NASAD and MSCHE.<br />Establish links to professional organizations and leading practitioners in<br />the field.<br />Administer the department's budget.<br />Serve on School and Institute committees.<br />Continue the development and implementation of department policies and<br />procedures.<br />Assist the Dean and Institutional Advancement with fundraising.<br />Carry out special projects as assigned by the Dean.<br />Perform all other duties as required.<br /><br />Salary: Commensurate with experience and qualifications.<br /><br />Qualifications:<br />We require an M.F.A. or equivalent in computer graphics or a related<br />field; at least three (3) years' university, college or art institute<br />teaching; a minimum of three (3) years' administrative management<br />experience; and a record of professional activity in the digital arts<br />and/or media theory. Candidates should have a broad familiarity with, and<br />understanding of, several of the following areas: digital animation;<br />motion arts; interactive media; game arts; digital imaging; emerging arts;<br />physical computing; interactive installation; device control; digital<br />video; digital audio; virtual technologies; compositing; and special<br />effects.<br /><br />To Apply:<br />Please submit your resume, cover letter and the names and contact<br />information for three professional references to:<br /><br />Chairperson Search Committee<br />Office of the Provost<br />Main 1<br />Position Code:CHCGIM<br />Pratt Institute<br />200 Willoughby Avenue<br />Brooklyn, N.Y. 11205<br /><br />No e-mails, online applications or faxes for this position please.<br /><br />***Proof of identity and eligibility to work in the U.S. will be required<br />upon employment.***<br /><br />EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER<br /><br />Salary: Commensurate with experience and qualifications.<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />Support Rhizome: buy a hosting plan from BroadSpire<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/hosting/">http://rhizome.org/hosting/</a><br /><br />Reliable, robust hosting plans from $65 per year.<br /><br />Purchasing hosting from BroadSpire contributes directly to Rhizome's<br />fiscal well-being, so think about about the new Bundle pack, or any other<br />plan, today!<br /><br />About BroadSpire<br /><br />BroadSpire is a mid-size commercial web hosting provider. After conducting<br />a thorough review of the web hosting industry, we selected BroadSpire as<br />our partner because they offer the right combination of affordable plans<br />(prices start at $14.95 per month), dependable customer support, and a<br />full range of services. We have been working with BroadSpire since June<br />2002, and have been very impressed with the quality of their service.<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />3.<br /><br />From: jlboyer@mail.unomaha.edu &lt;jlboyer@mail.unomaha.edu&gt;<br />Date: Dec 29, 2005 11:57 AM<br />Subject: Echotrope call for single channel media<br /><br />Deadline February 1, 2006<br /><br />Echotrope is a nomadic arts collective that organizes and curates<br />screenings and exhibitions of media throughout the midwest. We are<br />currently seeking film,video and new media work of all genres, single<br />channel format only, for two upcoming exhibitions:<br /><br />1) Single Channel: an exhibition of single channel<br />media work at the South Bend Regional Museum of Art in South Bend<br />IndianaJuly 15 - Oct. 1 2006<br /><br />2) Spring Shorts, a screening series at Mary Ross<br />Reimpa Media Arts Center in Lincoln NE., and the UNO Art Gallery at the<br />University Nebraska-Omaha in Omaha NE., in May 2006.<br /><br />We are also seeking both feature length and short format Independent<br />Filmand Video for our 2006/2007 Experimental and Independent Film and<br />Media Series at the UNO Art Gallery at the University Nebraska-Omaha.<br /><br />Please send a DVD or miniDV preview copy of your work, Bio, Resume,<br />andsupport materials (film/video synopsis, reviews, articles) for<br />consideration. Also include a SASE if you would like your materials<br />returned.<br /><br />Echotrope<br />P.O. Box 31394<br />Omaha NE, 68181-0394<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.echotrope.org">http://www.echotrope.org</a><br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />4.<br /><br />From: Marjan van Mourik &lt;webmaster@targetfound.nl&gt;<br />Date: Dec 26, 2005 10:03 AM<br />Subject: 33 Questions per Minute by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer<br /><br />SPOTS, the media installation at Potsdamer Platz,Berlin. presents 33<br />Questions per Minute by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer<br /><br />Berlin, Park Kolonnaden at Potsdamer Platz, 12.12.2005:<br /><br /> * Questions from passers-by become part of an interactive work of art<br /> * 33 Questions per Minute by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, until 8 January 2006<br /><br />What is life? Who am I? Where do we come from, and where do we go? If<br />you?ve ever wanted to ask a deeply personal question on a gigantic media<br />facade, then as from 13 December 2005 you can by taking part in the<br />interactive art project 33 Questions per Minute (33QPM), Relational<br />Architecture 5 by Mexican-Canadian artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer. Passers-by<br />can type whatever questions are occupying them into a terminal that is<br />installed within viewing distance of the SPOTS light and media facade.<br /><br />SPOTS is one of the largest light and media installations in the world and<br />is integrated into the facade of Potsdamer Platz 10. As the name suggests,<br />33QPM will display 33 questions each minute. If no question has been typed<br />in at the terminal, the computer generates the questions itself from a<br />virtually limitless source of sentence fragments, combining human<br />curiosity with purely mechanical, often meaningless strings of words. The<br />software, which Rafael Lozano-Hemmer developed himself, can generate 55<br />billions questions in German, English and Spanish. It would take 3,000<br />years to output all the possible question combinations. Lozano-Hemmer:<br />?33QPM is a project that represents mechanical irony. Inexhaustible<br />grammatical algorithms make a romantic and hopeless attempt to ask<br />questions that have never been asked before. The words are combined<br />electronically and form random links between totally disparate levels of<br />experience.?<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />Rhizome ArtBase Exhibitions<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/art/exhibition/">http://rhizome.org/art/exhibition/</a><br /><br />Visit &quot;Net Art's Cyborg[feminist]s, Punks, and Manifestos&quot;, an exhibition<br />on the politics of internet appearances, guest-curated by Marina Grzinic<br />from the Rhizome ArtBase.<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rhizome.org/art/exhibition/cyborg/">http://www.rhizome.org/art/exhibition/cyborg/</a><br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />5.<br /><br />From: Mica Scalin &lt;contactmica@gmail.com&gt;<br />Date: Dec 29, 2005 9:35 AM<br />Subject: My Year in Art<br /><br />In an effort to organize for the 2006, I bring you -<br />My Year in Art, a video diary documenting my experiencs with art this past<br />year.<br /><br />I thought you might enjoy, this as little year end review.<br /><br />All 17 short videos are available for download as a podcast feed here:<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://publicaddress.typepad.com/art/rss.xml">http://publicaddress.typepad.com/art/rss.xml</a><br /><br />or visit the the blog:<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://publicaddress.typepad.com/art/">http://publicaddress.typepad.com/art/</a><br /><br />More to come in 2006!<br /><br />Cheers!<br /><br />–<br />hello?<br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.micawave.tv">http://www.micawave.tv</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.micascalin.net">http://www.micascalin.net</a><br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />Rhizome.org 2005-2006 Net Art Commissions<br /><br />The Rhizome Commissioning Program makes financial support available to<br />artists for the creation of innovative new media art work via<br />panel-awarded commissions.<br /><br />For the 2005-2006 Rhizome Commissions, eleven artists/groups were selected<br />to create original works of net art.<br /><br /><a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/commissions/">http://rhizome.org/commissions/</a><br /><br />The Rhizome Commissions Program is made possible by support from the<br />Jerome Foundation in celebration of the Jerome Hill Centennial, the<br />Greenwall Foundation, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, and<br />the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. Additional support has<br />been provided by members of the Rhizome community.<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />6.<br /><br />+Commissioned by Rhizome+<br /><br />Once, Twice, Three Times a Lady: The Work of Lynn Hershman<br />By Lauren O?Neill-Butler<br />&lt;fansofsoft@gmail.com&gt;<br /><br />San Francisco-based artist and filmmaker Lynn Hershman has a knack for<br />doing things three times. Here are some facts about her fiction-heavy<br />artistic practice. From 1968 to 1972, as part of her graduate thesis, she<br />wrote art criticism about her own work under three different pseudonyms:<br />Prudence Juris, Herbert Goode, and Gay Abandon. Then, in the third year<br />of her influential ?The Roberta Breitmore Project? (in which she took on a<br />whole new identity, from 1974-1978), she enlisted three additional<br />incarnations of the ?original? Roberta, performed by Kristine Stiles,<br />Michelle Larson, and Helen Dannenberg, with each carrying on Hershman?s<br />obsessive documentation of Roberta?s social, professional, and ?real?<br />life. Also, from October to December 1974, she created three site-specific<br />installations about three fictional women in New York City hotel rooms,<br />entitled ?Forming a Sculpture Drama in Manhattan.? Jumping ahead several<br />years, Hershman?s second feature film, Teknolust (2002), showcased Tilda<br />Swinton playing three ?self replicating automatons? (SRAs) named Ruby,<br />Olive, and Marinne, as well as their creator, the geneticist Rosetta<br />Stone. And finally, though probably not the last instance of tripling,<br />there are three concurrent exhibitions of Hershman?s art this winter:<br />?Hershlandia,? a retrospective in Seattle at the Henry Art Gallery<br />(11/5/05?2/5/06); in New York at Bitforms Gallery (12/10 /05?1/14/06), and<br />in San Francisco at Gallery Paule Anglim (11/23/05-12/22/05).<br /><br />The recent resurgence of interest in Hershman?s art is compounded by<br />several other important matters of note aside from exhibitions. Her first<br />major monograph, ?The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson, Secret Agent,<br />Private I,? was co-published by the University of California Press and the<br />Henry in time for the retrospective, featuring critical essays by<br />prominent scholars and the artist herself. In addition, Stanford<br />University recently acquired her working archive (1966-2002), securing a<br />vital future for many of her documents in film, video, performance,<br />installation, and photography. She also just finished a feature length<br />documentary on Steve Kurtz, a founding member of the Critical Art Ensemble<br />accused of bioterrorism in 2004 by the FBI. Rounding out what is truly a<br />time of Hershmanlandia: her work will be featured in the 2007 exhibition<br />on the history of feminist art, called ?WACK! Art and the Feminist<br />Revolution,? at the Los Angeles County Museum of Contemporary Art.<br /><br />Dubbed a ?pioneer? and ?the grande dame of digital art,? Hershman?s art<br />has continuously questioned and pushed the limits of new media and<br />feminist art, harboring her position on the cutting edge. As Robin Held,<br />curator of Hershlandia, writes: ?More broadly, her technological<br />innovations in digital and Web-based art have helped legitimize the ?new<br />media? of video, Web art, and works of artificial intelligence.? To name<br />just a few of her achievements (well, three): she created the first<br />interactive artwork on videodisc (Lorna, 1983-4) predating<br />branching-narrative CD-ROMs by a decade, designed the first touch-screen<br />controlled interface for an art work (Deep Contact, 1984-89), and built<br />one of the first networked installations (The Difference Engine #3,<br />1995-98). But to view her art just in terms of technical abilities and<br />?firsts? is not enough. She is perhaps also the most varied and inventive<br />artist today, exploring such regenerative themes as vision, interactivity,<br />autonomy, embodiment, surveillance, cyborgs, and repetition–to name a<br />few. Her art also brings to mind key theoretical idioms of the postmodern<br />age, such as Foucault?s panoptic gaze, Deleuze and Guattari?s<br />desiring-machines, Donna Haraway?s cybernetic organisms, and Judith<br />Butler?s notion of the performative (among many others, including feminist<br />science fiction).<br /><br />So how is it that within this technological and politically-bound<br />framework, her art seems to naturally flow from one piece to the next, as<br />if each one were dependant upon the other? Is it because her areas of<br />interest have remained, for the most part, the same? Hershman?s early<br />works from the mid-60s expose her feminist treading and comment on the<br />state of art history at the time: male dominated and mostly minimalist. A<br />graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, and akin to finding<br />her contemporaries involved in using ?alternative? art forms such as<br />performance and installation, her twist on both ideas led her to create<br />fictional personas in real spaces, as in ?The Dante Hotel? (1973-74),<br />?Forming a Sculpture Drama in Manhattan? (1974) and ?25 Windows: A<br />Portrait of Bonwit Teller? (1976), which showcase an invisible or<br />narrative occupant through ?belongings.? In other words, by piecing<br />together the materials scattered in the installation, someone or something<br />is conjured through the voyeuristic imagination of the spectator. This act<br />of being ?caught? in looking, or enamored with images, is one of<br />Hershman?s most vital themes.<br /><br />Then came the ?Roberta Breitmore Project; (1974-78), with its name derived<br />from a Joyce Carol Oates story, and its personage donning a blonde wig and<br />heavy make-up. Performing as Roberta, Hershman Leeson inverted the<br />structure of the previous three works into a ?real? person, or at least<br />one real enough to have a driver?s license, dental records, a checking<br />account, credit cards, a lease on an apartment, romantic dates, and<br />psychiatrist appointments. Thoroughly documented and even ?exorcized,?<br />Roberta Breitmore commented on the constructed identity of young women and<br />the slippery slope of the real and the virtual. Yet, most telling about<br />this project was Hershman?s capacity to create a ?self? anchored within a<br />history of fakers, as Amelia Jones has noted, ?What makes the Breitmore<br />project different from the more obviously postmodern strategies of Warhol<br />and Sherman (which slide along the surface of things) is her profundity as<br />a ?subject.? Hershman was willing to take a risk by literalizing Roberta?s<br />claim to the status of officially sanctioned subject.? In doing so, she<br />also staked her claim in one of the preoccupations of modern art: blurring<br />art with everyday life.<br /><br />Hershmans? video, net, and film works continued her investigation of<br />embracing artifice, and introduced new levels of interactivity and<br />technology, engaging the spectator through video cameras, lasers, and<br />invisible sensors. While in the early works viewers mainly acted as a<br />voyeur, her projects of the early and mid-1990s have the viewer surveyed.<br />For example, in the interactive computer and videodisc installation, ?Room<br />of One?s Own? (1990-93) the viewer peers into an articulated eyepiece,<br />modeled on the concept of Thomas Edison?s peep show. As the eye looks at<br />what seems to be a miniature empty bedroom, a periscopic device tracks<br />movement and corresponding video images of a female occupant named<br />?Marion? are produced (she can be either seductive or irate, depending<br />where one gazes). Adding another level within the installation, a small<br />monitor exhibits the viewer?s eye, alongside the projections, implicating<br />a virtual dialogue of sight where everyone is examined. Similar to ?The<br />Dante Hotel,? but with new technologies to spontaneously produce an audio<br />and visual track, the spectator here enacts what that the work calls into<br />question: a moral self-observation.<br /><br />?Room of One?s Own? references two important processors: ?Lorna,? an<br />interactive video art disc about an agoraphobic woman whose decisions are<br />remotely controlled by the audience, and ?Deep Contact? (1984-89), a<br />touch-sensitive monitor that investigates sexual fantasy that replicates<br />the Marion character. In each interactive structure, by just playing<br />along, the viewers? gaze incriminates them in a level of identity theft.<br />Likewise, with ?America?s Finest? (1994-95), Hershman confronts the guilt<br />associated with what we think of as passive looking through violent,<br />active methods: as we look through the eye piece of an M16 rifle, we<br />discover ourselves as the target superimposed over images of war and<br />devastation.<br /><br />Many of Hershman?s Internet and video projects from the late 1990s onward<br />are interconnected, with both media providing a way to successfully<br />incorporate all of her characters and themes. For example, in her film<br />Teknolust (2002), Hershman?s Agent Ruby, an autonomous web agent created<br />the same year, is featured in several scenes invoking the audience to<br />extend their filmic experience outside the theater and onto the Net. Her<br />1997 film, Conceiving Ada, was completed using virtual sets similar to<br />those of ?The Difference Engine #3,? Hershman?s interactive investigation<br />of museum space as a cyber entity. As these contemporary projects deepen<br />and expand our sense of alternate reality and identity (which looking back<br />only seemed to have flickered in her installation art), the impact of<br />Hershman?s pervasive career multiplies to an unsettling degree. But in<br />fact, it stretches back to 1985 when director Susan Seidelman modeled her<br />film Desperately Seeking Susan on the infamous Roberta Breitmore. And as<br />far as artistic inspiration goes, anyone who has seen Hershman?s art has<br />probably been influenced by it, whether they knew it or not.<br /><br />In ?The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson, Secret Agent, Private I,?<br />Hershman writes that, according to a national database, there are several<br />other people living in the United States under the name ?Lynn Hershman,?<br />and she cites three cities: Rancho Palos Verdes (CA), Manteca (CA), and<br />Phoenix (AZ). She then writes, ?I am none of the above.? Nothing could be<br />more true. For the last 35 years, she has perfected an art practice in<br />which ?thinly disguised surrogates for herself,? as Howard Fox notes in<br />the same publication–a repertoire of Robertas–have safeguarded her from<br />the perils of autonomy and supported a simulacrum of living. Even so,<br />Hershman has overcome the formalism that prohibited her works to be<br />understood early on, she has progressed and spearheaded a movement for a<br />new kind of art, and she has influenced at least a century to come of<br />artists who will hopefully know her name and the rest of the projects this<br />article couldn?t have even attempted to cover without writing another 200+<br />page monograph. Lynn, Roberta, Agent Ruby: over and over.<br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br />Rhizome.org is a 501©(3) nonprofit organization and an affiliate of the<br />New Museum of Contemporary Art.<br /><br />Rhizome Digest is supported by grants from The Charles Engelhard<br />Foundation, &#xA0;The Rockefeller Foundation, The Andy Warhol Foundation for<br />the Visual Arts, and with public funds from the New York State Council on<br />the Arts, a state agency.<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br /><br />Rhizome Digest is filtered by Marisa Olson (marisa@rhizome.org). ISSN:<br />1525-9110. Volume 10, number 52. Article submissions to list@rhizome.org<br />are encouraged. Submissions should relate to the theme of new media art<br />and be less than 1500 words. For information on advertising in Rhizome<br />Digest, please contact info@rhizome.org.<br /><br />To unsubscribe from this list, visit <a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/subscribe">http://rhizome.org/subscribe</a>.<br />Subscribers to Rhizome Digest are subject to the terms set out in the<br />Member Agreement available online at <a rel="nofollow" href="http://rhizome.org/info/29.php">http://rhizome.org/info/29.php</a>.<br /><br />+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<br />